Aristotle Essays (1023 words) - Forms Of Government,

Aristotle Atirtotle's Politics Aristotle's Politics is a timeless examination of government structure and human nature that explains his ideas on how a utopian state can be achieved. In this work, Aristotle examines ubiquitous issues such as government structure, education, crime, property ownership, the honesty of occupations, and population control. He states in Book IV, Chapter Eleven the best form of political association is one where power is vested in the middle class, and secondly, that good government is attainable in those cities where there is a large middle class The polis is a partnership of citizens in a system of government that serves to achieve the common good. It is not just a place where people live together for defense against enemies and for the exchange of goods. It is rather a partnership between households, clans, and villages for the sake of a fully developed and self-sufficient life. The polis gives those who possess wisdom and moral intellect a chance to move up to hi gh positions Justice is the political good in the polis, and it must promote the common interest of the people. What is perceived to be good has to be distributive and regulative. The law is the regulating mechanism that emerges from free and equal people in civic associations. It serves as the final arbiter of problems, and stands above individuals and binds their actions. Laws change habits and training, but are changeable through certain circumstances and procedures if it is believed to be unjust. The well-being of a society is contingent upon to what extent its citizens obey the law. A member of the polis can be defined as someone who can participate in judging (serve as a juror in the court system), and in governing (serve in public office). A good citizen must possess moderation, prudence, and justice, and must be able and willing to rule and be ruled. Aristotle defines a constitution as an arrangement in regard to the offices of the city. By this arrangement the citizen body distributes office, either on the basis of the power of those who participate in it, or on the basis of some sort of general equality (i.e. the equality of the poor, or of the rich, or an equality existing among both rich and poor.) There must therefore be as many constitutions as there are modes of arranging the distribution of office according to the superiorities and the differences of the parts of the city (Page 138). He believes that the organization of a state's constitution is directly related to the kinds of citizens that reside in the polis. The constitution has a direct root to the most powerful or most populated class. The middle class is where most of the power comes from because they are the majority, and therefore best reflect the common interest. The upper class is not fit to form the constitution because they, like the lower class, would base it on t heir own values and beliefs rather than the needs of the state. There are problems with the lower and upper classes cr eating laws. The lower class constantly feels that the government is cheating them out of something because they do not have the wealth, stature, and possibly education that the upper-class possesses, thereby making it difficult for them to work towards the common good. Aristotle thinks that the upper class has too much ambition, and would only create laws that would further their economic and social well-being with little or no regard to the rest of the population. These classes consist of self-interested individuals that want to further their own needs and concerns. They create factions in order to go against the system. Factional conflict is the result of inequality, and the passion for equality is the root of faction (Class Notes). The middle class acts as the mean between the concerns of the rich and poor. Goodness itself consists in a mean; and in any city the middle class is a mean between the rich and the poor (Page 156). Th e middle class is free from the ambition of the ri ch and the pettiness of the poor, which helps to ensure political cohesion. We can conclude that a constitution

organzation behavior Essay Example

organzation behavior Essay Example organzation behavior Essay organzation behavior Essay Organization behavior Name: Institution: Lecturer: Course: Date: Organization behavior Case 1 Some of the possible reasons for absenteeism in an insurance company are associated with internal and external factors. From the MAR’S model, four key factors determine the individual behaviors in a company. First, motivation determines the performance of workers. Thus, lack of motivation could have been one of the reasons for absenteeism. Another factor that negatively affects the company is ability. Ability for analyzing data is vital; thus, poor ability might affect the individual behaviors and performance. Factors such as role perception and situational factors can be the reasons for absenteeism. Therefore, poor communication within the company can discourage employees thus making many of them have poor role perception. Stress and lack of job satisfaction can be challenging to employees thus contributing to their absenteeism. This might be reduced through creating conducive working environment, which is stress free. Moreover, good communication, motivation of workers and g ood role model will reduce absenteeism. Case study 2.1 The captain is trying to displays the problems he is experiencing. Captain beliefs the cause of the problem was through hiring inexperienced people who do not have role perception or competence. Using MARS model, the possible causes of unacceptable behavior are varied. First, hiring of inexperienced young people who are not exposed to work before. This directly affected the performance level because of poor paperwork that was done. Secondly, insufficient training programs thus poor performance. The problem of hating paperwork could have not risen if training programs were carried out. This could enable the officers have better skills for the job. Thirdly, poor motivation that led to poor performance in paperwork. Captain did not motivate officers thus they became unaware of organizational goals. Lastly, poor role perception made the officers dislike paperwork. This is because there was no clear role perception and acknowledgment of the paperwork description. Moreover, they were not aware that the organization would suffer in case they could not perform paperwork. Lastly, the officers were hired to perform jobs, which are not matching with their job requirements. This contributed to poor performance in paperwork thus putting the company at risk. The captain has not identified all the possible solutions to the problems. This is because there are some problems a part from lack of motivation, determination and interests of officers towards the written crime description. There are some factors that captain did not mention thus, needs to evaluate and make adjustments for better organizational performance. First, evaluating the stressing environment and make sure that the working environment is stress free. Training workers is vital because it will enable them to have abilities to perform better paperwork. Motivation alone cannot be successful if workers do not posses the required abilities for a specific position. Comprehensive job descriptions can be done indicating clear expectations. This will aid the employees in understanding the role perception thus producing better results in paperwork. Furthermore, the captain should act a role model to employees. This is vital because he will make employees understand the ways through wh ich employees are supposed to play a part in the company. Additionally, captain can analyze the situation, redesign job, encourage competence and ensure that the working environment is conducive. He will communicate well in order to eliminate the problems that he is undergoing in the company. Therefore, by adopting the MARS model, the captain will enable employees to discover the driving force behind their action thus improving in paperwork.

The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB) Essay

The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB) - Essay Example Student achievement in the most fundamental academic skills continued to decline, especially in low-income school districts. Therefore, the ESEA was designed to serve as a funding source for elementary and secondary education in the United States was designed to provide funding for better educational resources, allocate funding for public schools with a need for additional financial support and provide government-sponsored grants that would enhance the quality of state departments of education. Over the decades since the inception of ESEA, it was determined that revision of the ESEA was required to meet the needs of contemporary students in America. This need led to the implementation of the Improving America’s Schools Act of 1994 in the Clinton administration and the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) of 2001 which both enhanced the Elementary and Secondary Education Act to make educational reform more relevant for modern academic needs. However, there is still a need for further educational reform that surpasses the relevancy of the NCLB as there are measurable deficiencies related to this Act. This essay explores the issues associated with NCLB which mandate further revisions to this Act in order to fully address the problems in today’s public school districts. The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, whilst a valuable piece of legislation to ensure higher quality of education, fails to address certain issues in today’s society. This revision to the ESEA does not properly address the goal of promoting bilingualism. In many of today’s public schools, there is a measurable shortage of educators with the proficiency and training to provide bilingual learning for children in elementary and secondary schools. It is estimated that there are nearly 5.1 million students in need of English-as-a-second-language instruction throughout the United States (Cuellar, De la Colina and Battle, 2007). With growth in migrant children now enrolled in public schools

Management in Context Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words - 6

Management in Context - Essay Example romotion of trade liberalization (World Trade Organization, 2008), the modern business trend has gradually shifted from multinationalism to globalization. Globalization is â€Å"a process of interaction and integration among people, companies, and governments of different countries which is driven by international trade and investment through the use of information technology.† (The Levin Institute, 2008) In other words, the concept of globalization allows business people to maximize their available financial resources by taking advantage of the low-cost products and services that are readily available from developing countries. Because of the differences in monetary exchange rate, large-scale businesses from developed countries are able to purchase more homogenous products and highly competitive human resources at a much lesser price. Globalization theorists like Giddens (2000) and Waters (1995) suggest that globalization causes â€Å"social change†. Based on this theory, this study will examine the overall impact of globalization over the role and responsibilities of modern managers. discussed: (1) the need to implement and promote a strong cultural diversity within the business organization; (2) the shift from a traditional management style to the promotion of self-efficient employees; (3) the need to continuously update one’s own learning and promote organizational learning culture; (4) the shift from authoritative or transactional leadership style to transformational leadership style; and (5) importance of selecting the best motivational strategies. Globalization opens new business opportunities by increasing the size of potential markets for existing companies. However, globalization also increases pressure in market competition. For this reason, companies today are facing new business challenges not only within the domestic markets but in a global perspective. (Jain, 2003: p. 53) The tight competition within the domestic and international markets

Using Suitable Models Identify The Customer Perceived Value Marketing Essay

Using Suitable Models Identify The Customer Perceived Value Marketing Essay Tesco is the largest food retailer in UK and it is amongst worlds top 5 largest retailers by  annual sales  behind  Wal-Mart  and  Carrefour. It started in 1919 and now it operates more than 3000 stores in UK and it also has stores in rest of Europe, North America and Asia. This company is multi category that also runs telecom and banking services apart from food retailing but for the purpose of this paper the focus will be will be on customer perceived values for the customers of TESCO. Tesco is based on trust and respect. They have learnt over the years that if customers like their offers, then there is higher rate of possibility that they will come back and shop with them again. So they will do every possible thing to retain their valued customers. 1.2 Vision of TESCO Tescos vision is to be most highly valued by the customers they serve, the communities in which they operate, their loyal and committed staff and their shareholders, to be a growing company, a modern and innovative company and winning locally and applying their skills globally. 1.3 Customer Perceived Value The Customer Perceived value of a product is the customers evaluation of all the benefits gained against all the cost of a product or service. Zeithaml defines customer perceived value as consumers overall assessment of the utility of a product based on perceptions of what is received and what is given. Though what is received varies customer to customer because some people want only quantity other may want quality in the specific product, similarly what is given also varies customer to customer like some people are only concerned with the price of the product others may be concerned with the time and efforts they are putting in to buy the product. (Source: Zeithaml, V. A., 1998 Consumer Perceptions of Price, Quality, and Value: A Means-End Model and Synthesis of Evidence Journal of Marketing 52 (July): 2-22) In simple words customer perceived value is the benefits you get after your sacrifices. It is often expressed as the equation: Customer perceived value = Perceived Benefits Perceived Sacrifice Benefits = attributes of core product/service and supporting services, perceived quality and price Sacrifice = customer costs involved in purchasing, such as time, travel, repairing faulty work, etc. NOT just price. Perceived Benefit Perceived Sacrifice Price Money Quality Time Status Effort Convenience Psychic cost Talking about TESCO, benefits associated with perceived value are: †¢ Price: Customers get great saving offers when purchasing their favourite products in Tesco. †¢ Quality: At Tesco, quality and freshness has always meant handpicked groceries carefully packed so customer knows every item is carefully checked before it reaches them. †¢ Status: Being UKs biggest retailer Tesco has a very high status amongst the customers and it has great goodwill in the market so customers are aware of the prestige of the company. †¢ Convenience: Tesco has got many facilities for its customers like online shopping, home delivery, self-billing counters and wide range of products to choose from plus now it is introducing free Wi-Fi in the stores for its customers so that they can keep connected to internet always. Sacrifices associated with perceived value are: †¢ Money: if consumer find the cost of product higher than expected, they need to decide if it is worth taking or not. †¢ Time: it is the amount of time consumer has to spend on finding and purchasing the product in Tesco. †¢ Effort: involves the physical energy devoted by people to find products that suits their needs in the store so it takes efforts to do shopping also. †¢ Psychic Cost: shopping is stressful and frustrating experience and Perceived risk is considered for the performance of the product (will it do the job), physical (may be bodily harm done by the product), financial (danger of economic loss from the purchase). 1.4 Holbrooks typology of consumer perceived value Extrinsic Intrinsic Active Efficiency (O/l, Convenience) Play (Fun) Self-Oriented Reactive Excellence (Quality) Aesthetics (Beauty) Active Status (Success, Impression Management) Ethics (Virtue, Justice, Morality) Other-Oriented Reactive Esteem (Reputation, Materialism, Possessions) Spirituality (Faith, Ecstasy, Sacredness, Magic) Source: Holbrook, M. B., 1999 Consumer Value: A framework for analysis and research. If we first consider extrinsic versus intrinsic, there will be higher extrinsic value for the customers of Tesco because they emphasise on the end result of their purchase. Talking about self-oriented and other-oriented it is seen that here focus is on self-oriented more while shopping in Tesco because the customer is doing it for his or her own purpose or objective. When we come to the final part of Holbrooks framework, active versus reactive, it is seen that customers of Tesco are from different cultures and societies so they prefer different type of food material like Chinese would prefer Chinese food and Indian will prefer Indian food so it is difficult to keep all the customers happy at once but for customers reactive is more important. What Holbrooks framework does enable is the ability to identify the key values of customers, and in the case of Tesco, whilst it can be stated that the customer perceived value is multidimensional, the application of the typology of consumer value identifies two key values, efficiency and excellence. 02) Critically evaluate the existing value proposition for the one you have chosen. Compare and contrast the value proposition with that of the leading competitor in its sector. 2.1 Value Proposition It is defined as an analysis or statement of the combination of goods and services offered by a company to its customers in exchange for payment (Investopedia, n.d.). It is actually a promise of value of the company to deliver the services that the customers expect to experience in the future. Tescos Market strategy: Tesco  focused  to  develop  the UK market as it is their  biggest  business  in the group. As for the worldwide  market, Tescos  objective is  to be a  spectacular  retail  store  in the world as well as online. Tesco  kept  its  customers  through  numerous  ways. One of it is through the Tesco Club-card program.  Tesco has been very inventive in the Customer Loyalty field. The loyalty programs they have  developed  have kept  customers attached  to their brand. Tesco had the  dreams  to  know its customers and  their  need and it  was the key to  customer loyalty  and satisfaction. This  Club-card  has  changed  Tescos  connection with its  customers  and the  data  from the database tour guides  all the key  decisions to be taken for company. The loyalty club-card design permits for  numerous  advantages  one of which is  aimed at  communication. There are more than 4 million variations of its quarterly  customer  mailing to  double-check  that its offers and discounts  are according  to their individual customer. Hence, this  scheme  assists  to keep its present buyer and bring a feel of  commitment  to the organization. The  advantages  of this loyalty scheme  will  apply  to new  customers  and  assist  Tesco to gain  larger  market share.

Democratic and Undemocratic Aspects of the Constitutional Convention :: American America History

Democratic and Undemocratic Aspects of the Constitutional Convention The Articles of Confederation was the first government of the United States. The Articles had created a very weak national government. At the time the Articles were approved, they had served the will of the people. Americans had just fought a war to get freedom from a great national authority--King George III (Patterson 34). But after this government was put to use, it was evident that it was not going to keep peace between the states. The conflicts got so frequent and malicious that George Washington wondered if the â€Å"United† States should be called a Union (Patterson 35). Shays’ Rebellion finally made it evident to the public that the government needed a change. A group of men with political power and status, an elite by definition, got together and decided the solution to the problem of government was to have a group of men evaluate the Articles and make the proper changes. At least, this was what Congress thought the purpose of the Constitutional Convention was when they approved it (Patterson 37). The first step of the Constitution was undemocratic. No popular vote was taken either directly or indirectly on the proposition to approve a convention (Beard 14). The group of men who wanted the convention was skillful in getting it approved in that their proposal of it was a surprise. This gave the Federalists an upper hand. Their opponents, the Anti-Federalists, could not refuse to a discussion of possible, and perhaps necessary, reforms. By refusing, they could lose the support of the public very easily (Roche 18). The next step of the convention was more democratic, in that there were delegates sent to Philadelphia by the state legislatures (Roche 18). Since the legislatures were chosen by elections in the states, the delegates to the convention were indirectly chosen by the people. Rhode Island did not send delegates, but there was an opportunity for them to do so. They decided against sending anyone since they knew they would not be welcomed by the convention. James Madison, a delegate and one of the main supporters of a stronger national authority, had thought ahead and drew up the Virginia Plan before the convention in Philadelphia began. Thus, it became the first discussion of the committee (Roche 19).

Flight to Darwin, number 3105, now boarding

White knuckles, sweaty palms, this single seat in a line of 9 is my only safe zone, all of five minutes and we are inseparable. This aching fear, holding me down to my seat, my safe zone. Final call for flight number 3105 to Darwin. This was the day, this was the time, and this was the place where I came face to face with my biggest fear. Glued to my seat, I thought why? Why am I so afraid? Why am I sitting here, in an airport terminal unable to move from this relatively uncomfortable, plastic seat? It’s not right. I look to my surrounding, fellow flyers. Children, the elderly, mothers and fathers, all willingly ascending from their relatively uncomfortable seats, to board a completely reliable aeroplane. Such a miniscule task in one’s life journey, and I can’t even stand up. A crippling fear of flying has left me without dignity and courage, ashamed and embarrassed. But my thoughts are interrupted by the comforting sound of one of the flight attendants. â€Å"Sir? † she says, â€Å"is everything ok? Your flight is here for you†, a speechless reply on my behalf indicates that im not ‘ok’, parking herself on the seat next to me she utters, â€Å"there’s nothing to be afraid of, the skies are blue, no winds in sight, a simple, scare-free trip†. †¦ â€Å"Im trying, I really am, but I just can’t work up the courage to get up and board that god damn plane† I attempt to explain. She returns with â€Å"Nelson Mandela once said that courage is not the absence of fear, but the triumph over it. The brave man is not he who does not feel afraid, but he who conquers that fear†. I don’t know what happened there and then, but a strong epiphany occurred in that infant mind state I was entranced by, I wasn’t without courage because of my fear of flying, I was without courage because I wasn’t doing anything to overcome that fear. â€Å"For a flight attendant, you are one wise woman† I proclaimed to her. She just smiled at me and walked on to the plane, as if she knew I would follow her steps. Three deep breathes, to calm myself and double as a countdown as I rise. Stand up, chin up and smile from ear to ear. What seems like such a small achievement to most, a small step in a day to day activity, was an accomplishment of immense proportions for me. Forwarding to the gates of the plane, I get my ticket scanned, and travel down the seemingly elongated tunnel connecting to the side of the plane, greeted by the wise attendant; I embrace her luminescent, comforting aura and place myself into my allocated seat. A somewhat comfortable seat, leather exterior, cushioned interior, cup holders, earphone input, food tray and pillow. A reassuring safety speech enlightens the paranoia. The pleasant smiles beaming from the flight attendants render that this trip will be like any other average trip; no interruptions, no problems, no worries. But the slightest of fear was still sneaking through my mind, past the comforting seats, past the safety speeches, and past the wise flight attendant, and the clenching noise the doors made as they sealed closed only boosted fear through my veins. At that point in time a few traditional deep breathes were my only remedies I could think of, but not nearly enough. This time though, I was a wiser man, recalling what the flight attendant quoted. â€Å"Courage is not the absence of fear, but the triumph over it. The brave man is not he who does not feel afraid, but he who conquers that fear. † Replaying it over and over in my head, like a broken record. Courage is not the absence of fear†¦Ã¢â‚¬  And on and on†¦ Until I looked to the front of the plane, chip up, a few more deep breathes and smiled†¦ An hour and I half later, no interruptions, no problems, no worries. I walked off that plane, proud. A feeling like never before, a feeling of true courageousness. And standing there just outside that Darwin Airport in the taxi zone, I thought about how this is my new safe zone, my serenity until a new challenge awaits, however great or miniscule it may be, it is nothing compared to the courage of one’s soul .